Hiv / Aids A Virus That Attacks One s Immune System

Introduction HIV/AIDS is a virus that attacks one’s immune system, leading to one being immunocompromised and vulnerable to infections (Skolnik, 2012). According to Skolnik (2012), HIV is mainly spread through unprotected sex, through bodily fluids such as blood and can also be transmitted from mother to child through childbirth. HIV/AIDS remains one of the most highly known communicable diseases in South Africa (Avert, 2015). In addition to the 6.2 million people currently living with HIV, World Health Organization (2015) states that 200,000 lives are claimed every year, and the numbers are constantly rising. South Africa currently still remains the continent most greatly affected by HIV/AIDS (Lewis, 2011). This paper will focus on the aspects of HIV and AIDS in regards to nature of the problem, the affected population and risk factors, as well as the social and economic consequences the country faces with interventions that can be implemented to decrease the transmission of disease. Nature of the Problem According to World Health Organization (2015), Sub Saharan Africa accounts for over seventy percent of the entire population globally living with HIV/AIDS. Young women living in South Saharan Africa are most affected with HIV/AIDS (Avert, 2015); mainly since young women of reproductive age are vulnerable and cannot protect themselves from HIV (Avert, 2015). In addition, those who are subject to intimate partner violence are also at an increased risk for gettingShow MoreRelatedHIV and Aids are something that have been a major problem in a large part of the world for many1400 Words   |  6 PagesHIV and Aids are something that have been a major problem in a large part of the world for many years. These viruses have destroyed many families and have taken many people’s lives. There are many different ways for a person to receive the virus. As of today, there is still no cure for these horrible diseases. 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HIV is similar to other viruses like the flu or common cold except the human immune system cannot destroy the virus. The virus can hide in the cells of the body for long periods of time and attacks important parts of the immune system like T-cells or CD4 cells. Once HIV destroysRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus And The Body s Natural Defense System1285 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Benji Longmore 12/12/15 HIV also known as human immunodeficiency virus is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body s natural defense system. When someone has a weak immune system as oppose to a strong immune system the body has trouble fighting off disease. Both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV. White blood cells are an important part of the immune system. HIV infects and destroys certain white blood cells. If too many white blood cells areRead MoreThe Nutritional Principles Of Nursing Course Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pages Nutrition and HIV Tiffany Schenck Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on December 9, 2016, for Virginia Aulik’s Nutritional Principles of Nursing course. â€Æ' Nutrition and HIV It s been 30 years since the HIV/AIDS epidemic shook the world. What is the current status of the virus globally? Are you at risk? Is there a cure? HIV does not make someone dangerous to know. You can shake their hand and give them a hug without becoming infected. In America, 8% ofRead MoreHiv And The Human Body1175 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion people are living with HIV. Additional people become sick, but people continue to spread the virus to others. Do people even know what HIV is? Do they know what this virus does to their body? Such questions make it necessary to examine what can be done. What is HIV; how do people get HIV; and what is being done to help them? HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Humans are the only beings that can get this infection. The HIV infection can find and attack a significant type of whiteRead MoreAids Is The Disease Caused By Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 11259 Words   |  6 PagesAIDS is the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1, or HIV-1 (referred to as HIV). HIV belongs to the retrovirus family, a group of viruses that have the ability to use cell s machinery to replicate. HIV attacks the immune system by damaging or killing a specific type of white blood cell in the body called a T-lymphocyte, also called a CD4+ or T-helper cell. T-lymphocytes help the immune system perform its important task of fighting diseases in the body caused by invading germs

Health Care System Of Palmetto Health - 2073 Words

Palmetto Health is the largest health care system in the South Carolina Midlands region. Whether they’re providing emergency care, welcoming a newborn baby into the world or fixing a broken heart, their team is dedicated to working together to fulfill a Vision. To be remembered by each patient as providing the care and compassion they want for their families and themselves. As a teaching hospital, Palmetto Health is dedicated to training the next generation of physicians and nurses through their 23 residency and fellowship programs with the University of South Carolina School of Medicine (Palmetto Health). The purpose of this profile was to gain insight through an interview on how a day is for a Registered Nurse at Palmetto Health. Palmetto Health is the largest health care system in the South Carolina Midlands region. Whether they’re providing emergency care, welcoming a newborn baby into the world or fixing a broken heart, their team is dedicated to working together to fulfill a Vision. Palmetto Health is an organization consisting of 7 acute care hospitals who employs 12,000 team members and 1,000 physicians. They have a wide physician practice network, hundreds of clinics affiliated with them and a non-profit foundation. I was able to get an interview set up with one of my mom s friends who happened to be a nurse at Palmetto Health Children s Hospital. It is obvious from any person s point of view concerning the nursing profession that it is drastically differentShow MoreRelatedThe Workplace Of The Healthcare Field1618 Words   |  7 PagesOccupations in the healthcare field will always be needed in the United States, especially nursing occupations. Registered nurses provide patients care, educate patients and the public about different health conditions, and provide advice and support to patients and their family members. Some work in hospitals, physicians’ offices, healthcare services, and nursing homes. However, others work in corr ectional facilities, schools, or serve in the military. The average nurse makes about $66,000 per yearRead MoreHealth 5040 Assignment 11074 Words   |  5 PagesHealth 5040 Assignment 1 1. In what sense are all healthcare executives’ human resources managers? How can executives best prepare to perform well in this HR Function? I agree that Healthcare executives are HR Managers. Healthcare executives are managers because they manage business operations. Health care facilities can be small, medium or big enterprises that involve classic business procedures and practices (eHow). Healthcare executives are responsible for engaging withRead MoreEssay on It Is Time to Expand Medicaid Coverage in South Carolina1169 Words   |  5 PagesProtection and Affordable Care Act in 2012, the United States Supreme Court also ruled that states could decide for themselves whether or not to expand their Medicaid programs (Sonfield, 2012). Predictably, South Carolina said no. The Palmetto State’s decision not to expand Medicaid in concert with the Affordable Care Act was wrong, and it is time to correct that mistake. The leadership’s decision not to expand Medicaid leaves between 300,000 and 400,000 South Carolinians without health insurance (SouthRead MoreHow to be a Great Social Worker1305 Words   |  5 Pagesand experience needed to become a social worker. Licensing and education becomes less universal as each state has their own specifications. As we conducted our interview with Noreen Mcgirr, the Clinical Supervisor at the Family Advocacy Center in Palmetto, we learned about how the social worker practices has really started to grow and how how it effects her and her moral judgment. The principles considered worthwhile or important to social workers are the values that determine what beliefs areRead MoreEssay on Hcs 5331385 Words   |  6 Pagesmedical record (EMR) and scan all paper-based medical records into an online system that will be maintained at an offsite area (Paper-plagued to paperless, 2003). Paper charts, after the conversion to an online system should be stored until the time in which disposal can take place either by shredding or burning to make them â€Å"rendered essentially unreadable, indecipherable, and otherwise† reconstructed (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services [U. S. DHHS], n.d., p. 1). GCH, in response to theRead MoreDeath Knell for Debility and Adult Failure to Thrive as Terminal Diagnoses in Hospice1085 Words   |  5 Pages(otherwise why does CMS’ Medicare Administrative Contractor (MAC), Palmetto GBA, have an LCD guideline for AFTT?). Why is CMS making this clarification now? According to the Proposed Rule, CMS is taking action because of the growing number of patients admitted to hospice with these ill-defined conditions that are inherently symptom syndromes, not actual terminal diagnoses. This is born out by National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO) statistics, listing Debility Unspecified as theRead MoreDr. Awaken The Man Of You !1035 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, in reality, this is not always the case. Sometimes men cannot â€Å"rise to the occasion,† and even if they do, they do so only for a short while, then they go back to â€Å"sleep.† Others feel they are either too short or too skinny to stand up and take care of their â€Å"obligations!† You do not have to suffer in solitude, or go into a depression because of the size of your manhood. There are many ways of handling this problem; one of them is using virility ex pills. This is one of the most effective drugsRead MoreWhat Is Herbal Medicine - Research Paper3363 Words   |  14 Pageshistory. Ancient Chinese and Egyptian papyrus writings describe medicinal uses for plants as early as 3,000 BC. Indigenous cultures (such as African and Native American) used herbs in their healing rituals, while others developed traditional medical systems (such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine) in which herbal therapies were used. Researchers found that people in different parts of the world tended to use the same or similar plants for the same purposes. In the early 19th century, whenRead MoreEssay1333 Words   |  6 Pagescommunities of Morrisville, Cary, Apex, Holly Springs and Fuquay-Varina are lined with pine forests, horse farms picket fences, fields of tobacco and soybeans. For decades, rail lines like the Augusta Air-Line Railroad, The Chatham Line, and The Palmetto Seaboard played a part in developing these five towns. Now, their growth seems faster than a runaway freight train with technology, biotech and pharmaceutical companies driving in the engine room. With strong schools, climate and steady employmentRead More Herbal Medicine Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduced the binomial system of plant nomenclature in 1753 (O’Sullivan 1). This helped identify plants scientifically, which helped to avoid mistakes between different plants. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many drugs commonly used today are of herbal origin. About one-quarter of the prescription drugs distributed by pharmacies in the United States contain at least one ingredient derived from plant material. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Today, everyone from health care consumers to providers are

Australia s Economy From An Impoverished And Subsistent...

Australia has transformed its economy from an impoverished and subsistent indigenous economy to an advanced economy with one of the highest standards of living in the world. It has vast lands with rich exploitable resources and has a history of close-knit community building, a government with strong institutional rights from the beginning, flourishing businesses and the interactions of the private and public sector. It has not only tackled adversity in the form of economic depressions, inflation, and military conflicts but at the same time has also built prosperity through good economic policies, creation of major infrastructure and leveraging the benefits of international economic linkages. The structure of Australian economy has continuously evolved over the last century and it continues to do so. In last century, there was a shift in the economy from manufacturing and mining sector to service sector. Firms in Australia have continuously innovated along with the boom in Information technology and have grown bigger in this digital era. Now, with increasing world demand for commodities especially from India and China, the stage has been set for Mining sector to rebound. Structure of Australia’s economy – Australia is the world s 13th largest economy (as on 2016), with output as measured by gross domestic product and world s 19th largest economy (as on 2016), with output as measured by gross domestic product at purchase power parity. Australia is often regarded as

Bullying and Mental Health free essay sample

Malaysian Youth Mental Health and Well-Being Survey By Dr Teoh Hsien-Jin Woo Pei Jun Cheong Sau Kuan Department of Psychology School of Health Natural Sciences Sunway University College Introduction and Literature Review The rates of mental health problems amongst Malaysian teenagers have been noted to be quite high. At present the percentage of emotional problems is 49% and aggressiveness is 41%. These findings were highlighted by the Ministry of Healths Healthy Life-Style Campaign National Mental Health Survey in 2000. Recently, the Ministry of Youth and Sports set up the National Institute for Youth Research (i. e. , Institut Penyelidikan Belia Nasional). The aim of the Institute would involve advising the Minister of Youth and Sports about Youth policies. Data provides a rationale and basis for the implementation of National policies, and it is thus envisaged that having a large body of data which informs of the current trends of youth attitudes, life-styles and well-being would be a necessity. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying and Mental Health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Given the concerns with the rates of mental health problems amongst youth, this study was requested by the Minister of Youth and Sports to get a general overview, not just into the mental health status of Malaysian youth, but also into their lifestyles. This report begin with a literature review that examines some of the know findings about various aspects of youth lifestyle that are covered in the study. In addition to mental health, the review covers such topics as social support, substance abuse, sexual behaviours, pet ownership, bullying and family conflict. All these topics have been found to have some impact on youth mental health, and inform the reader about youth lifestyles. The report next provides some information on the methodological aspects of the study pertaining to subjects, sampling, measurement instruments and data collection procedures. The results are presented in the form of a series of tables that document the prevalence of various youth attitudes and behaviours. Finally, the report concludes with a summary of the major findings of this study, plus some suggestions for policy changes.

Challenges and Benefits of Workplace Diversity

Introduction Since globalization and multiculturalism have become synonymous aspects of the global market place companies tend to respond to the diverse consumer and cultural demographics to which they sell their products and services to stay relevant.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Challenges and Benefits of Workplace Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A company that limits itself in terms of diverse employee demographics runs the risk of being unable to understand the quirks and cultural norms in specific ethnic and racial markets resulting in the creation of an ill-equipped marketing and sales strategy which very likely will result in adverse consequences for the company in terms of the number of products sold and the degree of market penetration. Taking such factors into consideration, most modern-day companies attempt a certain degree of racial, gender and cultural diversity in the employee s they hire. This enables the creation of unique product concepts, sales strategies and marketing mixes based on the views and backgrounds of this diversified workforce. Other benefits derived from workplace diversity come in the form of higher employee retention due to a company culture that supports equality and racial acceptance rather than discrimination and divisiveness. It is also noted that multiethnic and multi-gender companies tended to have higher rates of productivity due to greater employee satisfaction over the company’s policies which results in better overall profits for the company due to increased productivity. On the other hand, it cannot be stated that the implementation of a racial, cultural and gender diverse workforce will automatically result in better company performance. As Thomas and Woodruff (1999) states there must be a distinct benefit derived from the implementation of a diverse workforce otherwise it doesn’t make sense for a company to im plement a hiring strategy that attempts to gain a breadth of experience from having multiple genders, cultures and ethnicities when it doesn’t need nor even utilize the benefits such employees could have on company operations (Thomas Woodruff, 1999). In fact it is even argued by Ilmakunnas Ilmakunnas (2011) that various laws and regulations mandated by the U.S. Federal law that prohibits preferential hiring practices to a particular race, ethnicity or gender is actually detrimental to the standard operations of a specific company or firm since at times a diverse workforce is not what it needs in order to properly conduct business (Ilmakunnas Ilmakunnas, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Focusing on the arguments of Ilmakunnas Ilmakunnas (2011) it can be stated that while it may be true that a diverse workforce is oftentimes needed in order to generat e new ideas and concepts for sales and marketing, it cannot really be said that it is a requirement for all companies. An examination of various enterprises located in regions such as Europe and Asia reveal that some companies are able to operate perfectly fine with a non-diversified workforce and are even able to excel in their respective target markets. This can be seen in the case of Japan and China, where a majority of workplaces are predominantly Japanese males with few females and other racial ethnicities in their respective work environments. It must be questioned whether workplace diversity should be considered an option for companies or should it be considered a business requirement in an era of integrating financial markets where a diversified workforce enables the creation of unique strategies and points of view? Examining the Case of Diversified Workplaces in the U.S. First and foremost, what must be understood is that at times diversified workforces are actually a requi rement in order to meet a certain need. For example, AT T is currently the second-largest mobile service provider within the U.S. servicing millions of customers on a daily basis. Due to the rising proportion of Spanish speaking individuals within the country this has necessitated a certain degree of workplace diversity within the company due to the need to address the fact that some individuals would prefer speaking Spanish rather than English. Evidence of this can be seen in the Spanish representative options when talking to AT T customer service. This is one case where workplace diversity is a requirement yet it cannot really be said that in all cases a diversified workforce becomes a necessity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Challenges and Benefits of Workplace Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, when it comes to factory workers assembling cars, constructing electronics or a var iety of other forms of manual labor workplace diversity isn’t really a necessity since gender, ethnicity and culture don’t really impacts how a person constructs a car or device that they were trained to do. In fact workplace diversity in this particular case can actually be considered detrimental due to the fact that language and cultural barriers do occur when hiring people of Latin American, Mexican or other non-English speaking ethnicities resulting in problems in regards to communication, employee relations as well as other forms of barriers that result in problems in regards to creating a conducive work environment for efficient operations. It must also be noted that though rarely there are instances where people originating from different ethnicities cannot properly work together due to racial tensions. This was actually seen in various parts of Arizona and Texas wherein racial tensions between ethnic Mexicans and Caucasians escalated to outright racial discrimi nation due to the perception that people of Latin American heritage entered the country illegally and were a drain on the country’s resources. Based on the examples presented it must be questioned whether outside of workplace diversity being a requirement due to the line of business a particular company is in, would it actually be implemented if there were no federally mandated laws enforcing workplace diversity within the U.S.? One attempt at answering this question comes in the form of arguments utilizing the psychological term â€Å"Speciesism† which is based on the belief that the group or a particular individual belongs to, is inherently superior to all other groups. This is more commonly known as the belief in gender and racial superiority and as argued by Luzadis, Wesolowski Snavely (2008) can be seen in hiring practices more often than one would think (Luzadis, Wesolowski Snavely, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also argued by Luzadis, Wesolowski Snavely (2008) that what limits behaviors related to hiring practices according to perceived gender and racial superiority is federally mandated laws, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as well as the perceived need for the skills of that particular individual (Luzadis, Wesolowski Snavely, 2008). Another way of looking at this is based on the views of Yang Konrad (2011) who examined workplace diversities and its effects on company performance, â€Å"in the case of the U.S. where there is a high degree of multiculturalism it is often the case that companies acquire a diversified workforce whether intentional or not, yet what must be understood is that as companies attempt to expand into new markets it becomes necessary to expand the diversity of workforces as well since the U.S. unlike other countries is so culturally and ethnically diverse that to not do so would severely limit market penetration especially in areas with differing ethn icities and cultures† (Yang Konrad, 2011). This particular view does show that workplace diversity is inherently a necessary aspect for companies targeting consumer markets that are ethnically and culturally diverse and as such it reveals that it is more of a necessity rather than an option when it comes to ensuring that a company continues to thrive and succeed especially in the current economic downturn which has resulted in the need for strategies involving diversifying marketing strategies to penetrate new consumer markets. Challenges of Workplace Diversity One of the inherent challenges in implementing sufficient workplace diversity is in creating sufficient channels of communication within an organization. While it is already a well-known fact that channels of communication are one of the cornerstones of any successful business what must be understood is that when it comes to having a diverse workplace environment, it entails the use of added practices so as to sufficie ntly relay messages across different ethnicities and cultures. What must be understood is that people from different cultures and ethnicities tend to perceive messages in many different ways due to the unique quirks of their method of understanding. Some messages may be interpreted as insulting and vice-versa and as such, it is essential to implement methods of communication that take this into consideration so as to reduce possible misinterpretations of what is being said. Another challenge to take into consideration are factors related to cultural bias and prejudice that affect the ability of workers to work harmoniously at their respective jobs. As mentioned earlier in the case involving Mexicans and Caucasians within Arizona and Texas there was a certain degree of cultural bias as well as prejudice resulting in work-related conflict as well as instances of intentional discrimination resulting in not only substantial reductions in performance but the loss of certain operational c apacities as workers from both sides left in favor of being in a less conflict-ridden environment. Companies that want to be able to take advantage of a diversified work environment need to implement measures to reduce cultural bias and prejudice. This can come in the form of team-building exercises; company sponsored behavioral training or even joint vacations, all of which should help necessitate proper communication and collaboration between members of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. One interesting aspect related to promoting workplace diversity, as indicated by Alessandra and Hunsaker (2008) comes in the form of promotions and rewards that honor diversity (Alessandra and Hunsaker, 2008). They note that at times promoting workplace diversity through the use of promotions and rewards can actually cause negative feedback within workplace environments from white males due to them feeling â€Å"cheated† as direct result of company practices that promote diversity i n the workplace. The reason behind this is connected to the fact that seniority usually plays a large role in promotions and rewards within a company and as such, it is often the case that some individuals feel â€Å"entitled† towards receiving their fair share of acclaim based on their time with the company (Alessandra and Hunsaker, 2008). Addressing this particular issue is a particularly difficult challenge for managers since not only do they have to balance prerogatives in promoting workplace diversity, but they also need to ensure that the majority within a workplace stays happy as well. Mishandling of this particular type of situation may resulting in one group feeling alienated which would could adverse reactions within workplace environments, The final challenge that companies should take into consideration is the concept of corporate assimilation and how this affects an individual’s productivity. As noted by Reio Jr. Sutton (2006)assimilation is a way in whic h a worker is negatively affected by an organization’s business and corporate culture wherein they are unable to sufficiently express themselves utilizing their ethnic and cultural backgrounds due to constraining rules and regulations at their work environment (Reio Jr. Sutton, 2006). Alessandra and Hunsaker (2008) support this argument by showing how the historical approach to dealing with employee diversity has been to expect minority groups within organizations to adapt to an organizations dominant culture however as seen in the case examples they provide it is evident that such strategies don’t work due to many members of the minority feeling constrained, restricted and otherwise gagged resulting in lower employee performance higher churn rates within companies (Alessandra and Hunsaker, 2008). Based on the views of Alessandra and Hunsaker (2008) it can be stated that â€Å"managers must understand how cultural diversity affects the expectations and behavior of ev eryone in the organization† as such it cannot be expected that everyone within the company will act in the same manner or can be managed in the same way (Alessandra and Hunsaker, 2008). Taking this into consideration companies need to implement new business culture practices that enable people to express themselves based on their cultural and ethnic background so as to encourage positive employee productivity rather than negative employee performance results as a direct result of constraining factors on their ability to express themselves. Benefits of Workplace Diversity With the recent financial recession affecting not only the U.S. economy but the global economy as well, this necessitates the need for creativity and innovation in being able to access new markets in order to sell particular products and services. As mentioned earlier workplace diversity actually enables a company to utilize a pool of individuals that come from different backgrounds, cultures and ethnicities i n order to access their unique views and skills. What must be understood is that regular marketing and sale strategies that have been implemented for the company’s original market may not be as effective when applied to new markets and as such this calls for views and opinions of people that either belong to that particular consumer segment or understand it to an extent in order to implement sufficient strategies for sales and market penetration. One example of a failure of proper marketing was seen in the strategy of Coca Cola when it tried to enter Chinese market. Their marketing campaign consisted of merely translating their slogan of â€Å"We bring you to life† into Chinese and using that in their marketing and print ads. Unfortunately, its translation wound up as â€Å"we bring your dead relatives to life† and as such wound up costing the company millions in changes to its original slogan. Another example of failures in marketing and sales came when Gerber expanded into Africa and did not take into account the predilections of local companies to place a picture of what was inside a product on a product label due to many Africans not knowing how to read. This, of course, resulted in a rather embarrassing recall by Gerber due to Africans perceiving each product by Gerber as containing babies. It is this and quite literally hundreds of other examples that show how having a diversified workplace with multiple viewpoints and different levels of understanding are essential for any company. A diverse workplace enables better methods of problem-solving, allows the company to successfully market itself to different consumer groups, helps to promote innovation and furthermore creates an excellent corporate image due to its practice of creating a multicultural and multiethnic workforce. Reference List Alessandra, T., Hunsaker, P. (2008). The new art of managing people. New York: Free Press. Ilmakunnas, P., Ilmakunnas, S. (2011). Diversity at t he workplace: whom does it benefit?. De Economist (0013-063X), 159(2), 223-255. Luzadis, R., Wesolowski, M., Snavely, B. (2008). Understanding criterion choice in hiring decisions from a prescriptive gender bias perspective. Journal of  Managerial Issues, 20(4), 468-484. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Reio Jr., T. G., Sutton, F. C. (2006). Employer assessment of work-related competencies and workplace adaptation. Human Resource Development  Quarterly, 17(3), 305-324. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Thomas, R., Woodruff, M. I. (1999). Building a house for diversity: How a fable  about a giraffe elephant offers new strategies for today’s workforce. AMACOM Books. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Yang, Y., Konrad, A. M. (2011). Understanding diversity management practices: implications of institutional theory and resource-based theory. Group   Organization Management, 36(1), 6-38. This research paper on Challenges and Benefits of Workplace Diversity was written and submitted by user Jadon Brooks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Role of France in the American Revolutionary War

The Role of France in the American Revolutionary War After years of spiraling tensions in Britain’s American colonies, the American Revolutionary War began in 1775. The revolutionary colonists faced a war against one of the world’s major powers, one with an empire that spanned the globe. To help counter Britains formidable position, the Continental Congress created the Secret Committee of Correspondence to publicize the aims and actions of the rebels in Europe. They then drafted the Model Treaty to guide negotiations of alliance with foreign nations. Once the Congress had declared independence in 1776, it sent a party that included Benjamin Franklin to negotiate with Britain’s rival: France. Why France Was Interested France initially sent agents to observe the war, organized secret supplies, and began preparations for war against Britain in support of the rebels. France might seem an odd choice for the revolutionaries to work with. The nation was ruled by an absolutist monarch who was not sympathetic to the principle of no taxation without representation, even if the plight of the colonists and their perceived fight against a domineering empire excited idealistic Frenchmen like the Marquis de Lafayette. In addition, France was Catholic, and the colonies were Protestant, a difference that was a major and contentious issue at the time and that had colored several centuries of foreign relations. But French was a colonial rival of Britain. While it was arguably Europe’s most prestigious nation, France had suffered humiliating defeats to the British in the Seven Years War- especially its American theater, the French-Indian War- several years earlier. France was looking for any way to boost its own reputation while undermining Britains, and helping the colonists to independence looked like a perfect way of doing this. The fact that some of the revolutionaries had fought France in the French-Indian War was expediently overlooked. In fact, the French Duc de Choiseul had outlined how France would restore their prestige from the Seven Years War as early as 1765 by saying the colonists would soon throw the British out, and that France and Spain had to unite and fight Britain for naval dominance. Covert Assistance Franklin’s diplomatic overtures helped prompt a wave of sympathy across France for the revolutionary cause, and a fashion for all things American took hold. Franklin used this popular support to help in negotiations with French Foreign Minister Vergennes, who was initially keen on a full alliance, especially after the British were forced to abandon their base in Boston. Then news arrived of defeats suffered by Washington and his Continental Army in New York. With Britain seemingly on the rise, Vergennes wavered, hesitating over a full alliance, though he sent a secret loan and other aid anyway. Meanwhile, the French entered negotiations with the Spanish. Spain was also a threat to Britain, but it was worried about supporting colonial independence. Saratoga Leads to Full Alliance In December of 1777, news reached France of the British surrender at Saratoga, a victory that convinced the French to make a full alliance with the revolutionaries and to enter the war with troops. On February 6, 1778, Franklin and two other American commissioners signed the Treaty of Alliance and a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with France. This contained a clause banning both Congress and France from making a separate peace with Britain and a commitment to keep fighting until the independence of the United States was recognized. Spain entered the war on the revolutionary side later that year. The French Foreign Office had trouble pinning down â€Å"legitimate† reasons for France’s entry into the war; they found almost none. France couldn’t argue for the rights that the Americans claimed without damaging their own political system. Indeed, their report could only stress Frances disputes with Britain; it avoided discussion in favor of simply acting. Legitimate reasons were not terribly important in this epoch and the French joined the fight anyway. 1778 to 1783 Now fully committed to the war, France supplied arms, munitions, supplies, and uniforms. French troops and naval power were also sent to America, reinforcing and protecting Washington’s Continental Army. The decision to send troops was taken carefully, as France was not sure how the Americans would react to a foreign army. The number of soldiers was carefully chosen, striking a balance that allowed them to be effective, while not being so large as to anger the Americans. The commanders were also carefully selected- men who could work effectively with the other French commanders and the American commanders. The leader of the French army, Count Rochambeau, however, did not speak English. The troops sent to America were not, as has sometimes been reported, the very cream of the French army. They were, however, as one historian has commented, for 1780...probably the most sophisticated military instrument ever dispatched to the New World.† There were problems in working together at first, as American General Sullivan found at Newport when French ships pulled away from a siege to deal with British ships, before being damaged and having to retreat. But overall the American and French forces cooperated well, although they were often kept separate. The French and Americans certainly were quite effective when compared to the incessant problems experienced in the British high command. French forces attempted to buy everything from the locals that they couldn’t ship in, rather than requisition it. They spent an estimated $4 million worth of precious metal in doing so, further endearing themselves to the Americans. Arguably the key French contribution to the war came during the Yorktown campaign. French forces under Rochambeau landed at Rhode Island in 1780, which they fortified before linking up with Washington in 1781. Later that year the Franco-American army marched 700 miles south to besiege Cornwallis’ British army at Yorktown, while the French navy cut the British off from desperately needed naval supplies, reinforcements, and complete evacuation to New York. Cornwallis was forced to surrender to Washington and Rochambeau. This proved to be the last major engagement of the war, as Britain opened peace discussions soon after rather than continue a global war. The Global Threat From France America wasn’t the only theater in a war, which, with France’s entrance, had turned global. France threatened British shipping and territory around the globe, preventing their rival from focusing fully on the conflict in the Americas. Part of the impetus behind Britain’s surrender after Yorktown was the need to hold the remainder of their colonial empire from attack by other European nations, such as France. There were battles outside America in 1782 and 1783 as peace negotiations took place. Many in Britain felt that France was their primary enemy, and should be the focus; some even suggested pulling out of the American colonies entirely to focus on their neighbor. Peace Despite British attempts to divide France and Congress during peace negotiations, the allies remained firm- aided by a further French loan- and peace was reached in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 between Britain, France, and the United States. Britain had to sign further treaties with other European powers who had become involved. Consequences Britain quit the American Revolutionary War rather than fight another global war with France. This might seem like a triumph for France, but in truth, it was a disaster. The financial pressures France faced at the time were only made worse by the cost of aiding the Americans. These fiscal troubles soon spiraled out of control and played a large role in the start of the French Revolution in 1789. The French government thought it was harming Britain by acting in the New World, but, just a few years later, it was itself harmed by the financial costs of the war. Sources Kennett, Lee. The French Forces in America, 1780–1783. Greenwood Press, 1977.Mackesy, Piers. The War for America 1775–1783. Harvard University Press, 1964.

Compare and contrast software analysis techniques Essay

Compare and contrast software analysis techniques - Essay Example After the detection of that fault in the fifth month, a software programmer was contacted and briefed with the entire story. Even a small miscalculation can lead to a bad reputation and penalties from regulatory authorities that may lead to business loss. Similarly, a software malfunction was detected in November 1979, where the strategic air commander receives an alert scramble. The scramble alarm indicated that the Worldwide military Command and Control System (WWMCCS) reported that the Soviet Union has launched missiles that are moving towards the United States of America (Software engineering (sie) 7E). Likewise, later it was found that the simulated attack was considered as a real attack, however, the U.S department of defense has not provided the details of that incident as it was marked as confidential. Conclusively, it was also a software fault that may have intimated U.S to launch a counter attack. With these two examples of billing a customer or getting false alarms in air defense, the completion time of software is always late, over budgeted or with many faults and may not cope with clients requirements. To overcome, these issues, software engineering methods are invented. Likewise, it is an attempt to provide a solution of these problems. In this brief, we will discuss two software engineering techniques i.e. formal software engineering and semi-formal software engineering. 2 Formal Software Engineering Techniques There are various formal software engineering techniques available; however, they are exceedingly diverse. For instance, Anna is considered to be a formal specification language pertaining to Ada (Luckham, von Henke, Krieg-Brueckner, & Owe, 1987). Likewise, some of the formal techniques are based on knowledge such as Gist, as it was designed for describing processes aligned with user friendliness i.e. the closest alignment of describing the process. Likewise, this is only achievable by formulating the constructs that are utilized in natura l languages. The Gist specifications are very difficult to read in practice, a separate paraphrasing tool has been deployed from Gist to English. Moreover, one more formal software engineering technique known as (Schach, 1993) Vienna definition method (VDM) is also invented. Likewise, this technique is based on DE notational semantics (Fitzgerald & Larsen, 2009). Moreover, one remarkable factor of this technique encompasses not only on the application but the design and deployment, as well. The VDM technique has been successfully applied in many projects, most amazingly on the ‘Datamatik Center development’ that was integrated with DDC AdaCompiler System (Diaz & Orejas, 1989). A unique perspective of reviewing specifications is to analyze them in the context of sequences of events. Likewise, an event can be an ordinary action or a communication signal that transmits data inward or outward of the system. For instance, a case study related to an elevator, where one event comprises of pressing the button of the elevator for floor f on elevator e along with its consequential illumination. Similarly, another event comprises of elevator e that is leaving the floor f downwards along with cancellation of illumination that is associated with conforming floor button. The CSP language abbreviated as the Communication Sequential Processes (CSP) is invented by Hoare in